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Extrinsic discolouration  --

Extrinsic stains that appears on the tooth surfaces can become internalised through enamel defects or cracks or as a result of dentine becoming exposed but most extrinsic stains appear to be deposited on or in the dental pellicle layer on the enamel surface.

Causes of extrinsic staining include   :::

• Dental plaque : although usually virtually invisible on the tooth surface, plaque may become stained by chromogenic bacterial species, such as Actinomyces .
• Calculus : neglected plaque will eventually calcify, and lead to the formation of a hard deposit on the teeth, especially around the gum line. The color of calculus varies, and may be grey, yellow, black or brown
• Tobacco : Tar content in smoke from tobacco products tends to form a yellow-brown-black stain around the necks of the teeth above the gum line
• Betel nut chewing causes red to brown discoloration of the tooth enamel.
• Certain foods & drinks  :   food products and vegetables rich with carotenoids or xanthonoids. Ingesting colored liquids like sports drinks, cola, coffee, tea, and red wine can discoloration of your teeth.
• Certain topical medications  : Mouth wash containing -  Chlorhexidine (antiseptic mouthwash) binds to tannins, meaning that prolonged use in persons who consume coffee, tea or red wine is associated with extrinsic staining (i.e. removable staining) of teeth.
• Metallic compounds  : Exposure to such metallic compounds may be in the form of medication or other environmental exposure. examples include iron (black stain), iodine (black), copper (green), nickel (green), cadmium (yellow-brown).